Is there an influence of Indian/Vedic/Hindu Philosophies on Islam?

Yes and No.

Firstly the approach and parameters on comparing two completely different entities have to be defined as per the context. Let me start defining the terminologies.

Vedic: This goes back to history of seven Saints/sages, the Knowledge (Ved in Sanskrit means knowledge) , The four Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, The Upanishads, The Puranas, their derived philosophies (Vedanta, mimamsa, sankya, vaisheshika , yoga etc..), Mantra , Tantra, Aagamas, Vedangas like auyurveda, Astronomy, Medicine etc…clubbed together and process of transferring and practicing these are mostly called Vedic practices...The core concepts is inclusive muti-path, where knowledge begins with desire & self realization, knowledge is ultimate truth, conciseness is beyond body, mind and the intellect.

Ved also ascertains the concept of "Brahmn" (Not to be confused to Brahmin in social structure or Brahma the deity) the supreme all pervading omnipotent principle beyond time and space, an ever expanding and contracting phenomenon where everything gets created and also destroyed, this "Brahmn" pervades into all that exists in the universe.

While Upanishads tries to dissect the Ved to understand the existence of material and spiritual world, desire, longing, purpose, chaos, order, relativity, microcosm and macrocosm, the Puranas give character to each property of Brahamn as Brahma,Vishnu, shiva Ganesha , Shakti, Lakshmi etc .., by reciting the reflection of upanishads in poetic & Story telling form with examples for common man to understand. Apart from this there are itihaasa ( ithi-As ha-It asa-happened) like Ramayana and Mahabharata that were written to spread the knowledge via examples. There are other traditions of jaina and boudha which often said it's seperate identity by indologist but history suggest the sages who created these paths debated within and across to arrive at conclusions. Suppose one starts updating a document, then next generation update the same document with new ideas and so on, then when we look at it now it looks as if everything came from the single document, that's exactly is the Ved.

Hinduism: This was coined by colonials which was meant to be practices and rituals practiced in India at that point in time around 17th century ACE. Today almost 99% of practices and belief systems, or ways of life, thought process originate from the 6 branches of Vendanta, but it has manifested itself to certain amount of blind beliefs and rituals without understanding the core concepts of upanishads or Vedanta itself. Nevertheless today there are many sects who have their own gurus teachings that people follow.. like shakaracharyas Advaita, Ramanujas Vishistaidvaita, Shaiviats of Kashmir, Shaiviats of South India, Patanjali yoga, Maadhavas dvaita , Budha, Guru Nanak, Ramana Maharshi, Vivekananda etc.. also influenced by Vedanta..it is very difficult to split today's Hinduism with vedic practices and say there are different but are rather derivative..The Hindu way of life is usually about believe God is everywhere, respect trees, parents, gurus and all Nature, Practices and celebrate certain specific event in calendar. Temple visits may or may not be mandatory, many a times believing in a supernatural God may not necessarily mandatary, the very thought of God and no God in Ved gives the thinker to believe "NoGod" while most believe in after Life, The Moksha (liberation from cycle of birth and death), karma (Actions), Dharma (Duties)..Although many interpret in slight different meanings or even misinterpret but eventually these are some of the core concepts of Vedas as well.

Hindu: Originally meaning people of the land beyond the sindhu river and the Southern ocean..mostly used by Africans, Egyptian, later Greek( indoo) and Chinese (Xinsju)..etc..Later in colonial time coined as a Religion and introduced in constitution as religion post 1950. Initially the Sikh, Bauddha , Jaina were also called as Hindu just like alternative name for Indians as a whole..Even today some of the middle eastern countries call the Indian Muslims as Hind, goes back to the name of the country itself "Hindustan" means Land of Hind.

Islam: submission to the will of Allah..The Shahadha which goes by "la illah ila Allah ashadhu mohamadien RasoolAllah" -- There is no god except Allah and Mohammed is his Final messenger..It was coined as a religion who followed the revelation of Mohammed which was given to him in 7th ACE by an angel Jabriel (Gabriel in other Abrahamic religions).. Later his teachings were collected and consolidated in around 9th ACE in what is called today as Koran/Qu`ran & its supporting literature as Hadiths..There are messages and practices for people who follow Qu`ran also called Musalman/Muslims/mohamadiens/Mumin.

There are practices that Muslims follow which are outside scope of koran as well especially while visiting the holy place of mecca ie Kaaba. Islam believe that Allah has no shape,no gender, no color nor can be seen who is the creator of universe and is not omnipotent but all powerful. Islam believes that there were many messenger of God but Mohammed is last one, Islam believe in ritual and daily practices to be become close to Allah and offers hellfire (Jahanum) or heaven (Jannah) based on sins or deeds Muslims do. There are 5 -6 pillars that every Muslim has to follow based on the type of Muslim (Shia/Sunni etc.).

Islam also talk about consequences of people who do not believe in Allah, it also believes in sacrifices, donations, holy pilgrimage, daily prayers, Salah and sunnah (via hadiths the scriptures supporting Koran). Muslims observe the Lunar calendar than solar calendar..

Hinduism/ved comparison:

while veda stress in self realization, knowledge is ultimate truth, conciseness is beyond body mind and intellect.. Hinduism is more procedures and practices how to achieve the core vedic concepts, some have taken it literally, some as blind beliefs, some do understand and realize to know the actual core concepts...the Trinity of Brahma Vishnu Shiva is similar.. The Upanishads, Puranas are still retold and inspired even now..Conclusion is Hinduism for better and most part is derivation of the ved and Upanishads and Vedanta itself with or without corruption based on how it is practiced Today..The neo-Hinduism is predominantly temple and deity worships which is also one of the Vedanta contribution of Bhakti yoga. Patanjali's Yogasutra has been popular now a days. Post modern revivalist like Vivekananda have produced neo-vendanta via Ramakrishna mission & others via International Krishna consciousness which also finds its place in Hinduism.

Islam/ved comparison:

The core concepts of Islam is exclusive one God/Supreme being and one book theory..Islam does not believe in after Life on earth but rather in Jannha heaven or hell Jahannum concepts..Where as ved is more practical approach of knowing who am I and why are we here which stress more on ones own experience & on one's personality, his/her level of experience in this world, their trying to understand the principle will vary many fold.. Islam stresses on knowledge of koran which is revelation of supreme Allah while Ved stress on all pervading knowledge and self realization to known and become part of the supreme brahamn itself…the characteristic of Allah seems borrowed a bit from vedic brahamn but Allah is Noun and other is Verb in a context.

Coming to rituals part there are many things influenced by later Hindu practices than the vedic practices especially of circumambulation, prayer method, shaving head before Hajj like they do in many Hindu temples, There are mandatory washing of legs and hand in Mosques very similar to many old Hindu temples, Drinking of sacred Zam Zam water is also quite similar to temples giving water as thirtha, Haj walking between the 7 hills like of eelumalai in India, The dressing costume worn by Muslims in Hajj are almost like the Hindu priest, Counting of beads, The Kaaba being a worshiping place for many deities before it was changed to Islamic and many more...

There are credible data to back up these practices and how the time Muslims started in Mecca around 9th ACE to how it was influenced by proximity to India (India being accountable for 30% of world trade its cultural influence would have been inevitable) , it's Trade and exchange of knowledge via Universities during 1 ACE till 14 ACE until the invaders destroyed those Universities…The current practices themselves shows incredible similarities in some of the sacred rituals. Apart from that there are many specific messages that reflect Hinduism like “all are children of one God", “there are always many paths to destination” but exact opposite of Statement also exists which personally makes me believe it had version X and later became X+Y during 9th CE, further as X+Y+Z after the Ottoman/Saudi supremacy in 19th and 20th century (But this would be contradicting islamic belief that Koran is last and final).

I may Conclude that Islam may have been influenced very much by 6th to 9 ACE Hindu practices than the actual vedic itself, where the foundation of Islam itself starts with rejection of Idol worshiping, rejection of Jewish and christian beliefs which gives premises to believe that the people of that time were very well aware of the Hindu practices…(Yes) But the Islamic clerics cannot agree on the influences because it's the revelation to Mohammad directly from God and it cannot claim similarity to the one which basically opposed while founding(No).

Disclaimer: The Views are personal view only.